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Mannitol and hypertonic saline (HTS) are effective in reducing intracranial pressure (ICP) after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, their efficacy on the ICP has not been evaluated rigorously. To evaluate the efficacy of repeated bolus dosing of HTS and mannitol in similar osmotic burdens to treat intracranial hypertension (ICH) in patients with severe TBI. The authors used an alternating treatment protocol to evaluate the efficacy of HTS with that of mannitol given for ICH episodes in patients treated for severe TBI at their ho

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In this study, we used bioinformatics tools to analyze transcriptome data from cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients in multiple datasets (Sun Yat-sen University, TCGA and GSE32225 cohorts) to identify mechanisms that regulate tumor infiltration by immune cells and survival outcomes. We identified 96 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 13 upregulated and 83 downregulated genes, in CCA tissues as regulatory T cells were significantly higher and the proportions of activated natural killer cells and monocytes were significantly lower