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Diabetic mice demonstrated increased HMGB-1 expression, ERS and vascular calcification. However, inhibition of HMGB-1 with Gly or inhibition of ERS with 4-PBA ameliorated the enhanced vascular calcification and ERS in diabetic mice. In vitro experiments unveiled that inhibition of HMGB-1 attenuated advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced ERS in VSMCs. In addition, AGEs promoted translocation and secretion of HMGB-1 in VSMCs, which was reversed by 4-PBA. Moreover, VSMCs exhibited increased mineralization and osteogenic gene expres