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This is followed by a discussion of the more recently emerging unconventional roles for the V-ATPase, such as its role as a protein interaction hub involved in cell signaling, and the (patho)physiological implications of these interactions. Finally, the central importance of endosomal acidification and V-ATPase activity on viral infection will be discussed in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.Several potassium channels (KCs) have been described throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Notwithstanding, their contribution to both

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In particular, a greater reproductive benefit to a female from exclusive access to a male partner-or the occasional tendency of females to withhold eggs during mating-can increase male fidelity; and continuous sperm regeneration rather than an initially-set stock of sperm allows for multiple within-pair mating across all three mating patterns.Many angiosperms have undergone some series of polyploidization events over the course of their evolutionary history. In these genomes, especially those resulting from multiple autopolyploidization